Immanuel Koh
Immanuel Koh is an Assistant Professor in Design & Artificial Intelligence (DAI) and Architecture & Sustainable Design (ASD) at the Singapore University of Technology & Design (SUTD) where he directs Artificial-Architecture. Trained at the Architectural Association (AA) in London and holds a PhD from the School of Computer Sciences and Institute of Architecture at the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), he is an international pioneer in AI x Architecture and a Principal Investigator for several AI research projects, such as those supported by AI Singapore, DesignSingapore, Urban Redevelopment Authority, Ministry of Defence, and National Arts Council. Internationally, he also conducts AI research for high-profile architecture practices such as Zaha Hadid Architects (London) and MVRDV (Rotterdam). His work has been featured at premium AI conferences (e.g., NeurIPS and AAAI), awarded with prestigious architecture prizes (e.g., BLT and WAF), and exhibited at international museums (e.g., V&A Museum and National Design Centre). Immanuel is the author of the book ‘Artificial & Architectural Intelligence in Design’ (2020) and guest-editor of IJAC special issue ‘Artificial Architecture: Accelerated 3D Forms with Generative Artificial Intelligence’ (2025). He is the conference chair of CAADRIA 2024 and co-curator of the Singapore Pavilion at the Venice Architecture Biennale 2025.
AI Sampling Singapore Housing Architecture by Immanuel Koh
Singapore is an artificial city. Trained with a large dataset of 3D digital models of high-rise buildings found in Singapore, the custom designed AI model generates not only formally plausible and semantically coherent configurations, but begins to also imagine novel and uncanny architectural forms, interpolating and extrapolating among standard high-rise housing typologies such as the slab, point, and cluster blocks.
